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OCTOBER 2019

新聞背景

北京大兴国际机场投入使用重置三大航空公司的竞争格局

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by WILL HORTON  

October 1st 2019

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将于本月底投入运营的北京大兴国际机场,在短短五年内落成备受瞩目。 Read More » 但这五年对航空业来说是漫长的,今日的航空业不但扭转了大兴机场当初的发展战略,并提高了航空公司由国家控制转向市场自由化的长期计划要求。

毫无疑问,北京大兴国际机场是中央政府强有力支持规划下的杰作。这座引人注目的航站楼由已故的伊拉克裔英国建筑师扎哈·哈迪德设计,作为世界上规模最大的单体机场航站楼,备受国际社会的关注。这座机场还拥有配套的基础设施,包括新建成的公路和一条时速160公里的高速铁路,都将与机场同步投入使用。

总体规划还包括资源配置:中国东方航空公司(CEA)和中国南方航空公司(CSA)将把其全部业务从北京首都国际机场转移到北京大兴国际机场。预计这两家航空公司将各占机场起降时间的40%。中国国航(AC)作为国家航空公司将继续留在北京首都国际机场。

但是航空公司制定出这样一个干脆利落的计划并不符合他们的商业利益。中国国航和中国东方航空公司之间同意进行起降时段交换:东方航空公司将为中国国航提供其在大兴机场25%的起降时段(占大兴机场总起降时段的10%),这使总部位于上海东方航空公司在大兴机场的起降时段减少至30%。另一方面,中国国航将向东方航空公司提供在首都国际机场的起降时段,以便将其京沪航线保留在首都国际机场,而不是将其迁至大兴国际机场。

长期以来,中国东方航空公司一直担心乘客出行更倾向选择首都国际机场,而不愿意尝试大兴国际机场。其最初的计划是要求京沪航班在一个较长的迁移期内,最后才迁至大兴国际机场。东方航空公司或许是由于在首都国际机场已建立更深厚的根基,因此在其周边的基础设施建设上投入巨大,。

中国国航与东方航空公司的协议令人费解,因为这样的安排旡疑是将个枢纽的运营一分为二。东方航空公司在上海虹桥和浦东枢纽的拆分中,分离枢纽的弊端显而易见。与之而来的是一种分而治之的策略。或者至少,中国国航认为可从大兴国际机场的辐射区域赢得新增业务。

北京大兴国际机场将北京航空业的效率提高。除了有更多自助服务项目、自动化设备和改进的安检流程外,在大兴国际机场的国内与国际中转衔接时间仅为最短的60分钟。航站楼的形状使每个门距中心节点的步行时间不超过8分钟。分层设计更能使国内和国际航班停靠在同一机位。

北京大兴国际机场新颖的设计,与中国国航所在的首都国际机场的三号航站楼形成了鲜明的对比。虽然首都国际机场于2008年投入运营,但有些烦复,往往需要乘坐列车才能到达大门。该机场基本的设计已经无法改变,但在中国国航作为星空联盟的成员,以及联盟本身的推动下,其设施正在得到改善。

北京首都国际机场较欢迎的原因,是由于办公楼和酒店离往机场的路很近,但是其中许多企业选择这些办公地点,都是因为其靠近首都国际机场。但是,要把这商圈从北京首都国际机场的东北部迁移到南部的大兴都需要时间。

观感上是一个重要因素。首都国际机场比大兴国际机场更靠近北京的核心商业区。去大兴国际机场花费的时间可能会更短,因为有高速的交通线路,但是位于市中心的交通终点站对于一些旅客来说可能仍不方便。

中国南方航空公司退出天合联盟,增加了航空公司在机场分配方面的复杂性。在此之前,北京大兴国际机场无疑是天合联盟的交通枢纽,因为中国东方航空公司和中国南方航空公司占据了80%的起降时段。现时在大兴国际机场,天合联盟就只剩下东方航空公司的30%起降时段了。天合联盟的国外成员可以选择「缩小但仍然是枢纽地位」的大兴国际机场,或者地理位置更优越的首都国际机场。

「寰宇一家」联盟的成员美国航空公司(AA)、芬兰航空公司、英国航空公司(BA)和卡塔尔航空公司与中国南方航空公司建立了双边关系。芬兰航空公司在保留其在首都国际机场的航班,同时开通了在大兴国际机场的航班。英国航空公司和马来西亚航空公司(MAS)将从首都国际机场搬迁至大兴国际机场。卡塔尔航空公司尚未宣布其意向。美国航空公司表示正在考虑各种选择。截至发稿时,另外唯一一家宣布变更机场的外国航空公司是波兰航空公司,和芬兰航空公司一样,将同时运营在首都国际机场和大兴国际机场的航班。

中国媒体曾表示,外国航空公司可能希望在迁至大兴国际机场前,大兴国际机场能提供更多配套基础设施,特别是酒店。

在大兴国际机场建设之初,廉价航空(LCCs)风靡一时。中国民航局将春秋航空公司作为高效的典范,承诺进行行业改革,并宣布廉价航空将大幅增加市场份额。现在动力已经消失了。只有中国东方航空公司有双重品牌战略,但目前尚未厘清这两个品牌在大兴国际机场的管理方式。

中国南方航空公司将在大兴成立一家新的航空公司,但南方航空还未说明这是一家全服务航空公司还是低成本航空公司。

根据海航集团(HNA)重组的结果,北京航空业的实力平衡可能会有所改变。海航集团子公司北京首都航空公司将迁往大兴国际机场,但是集团的旗舰海南航空公司仍将留在首都国际机场。

6月,北京市政府实现了对首都航空公司的控股。此前,北京市政府是这家航空公司的中小投资者。这份协议似乎可以缓解海航集团的财务状况并挽回些面子。一份公告称,海航集团将推荐航空公司的管理层,而北京市政府则认可了海航集团和首都航空公司的业绩。

尽管中国国航位于首都国际机场,其所有权属于中央政府,而不是像首都航空公司那样的市级政府。但是北京与中央政府关系非常密切,足以引发外界猜测 —— 中国国航希望巩固北京市场,并通过首都航空公司在大兴国际机场抢得更大规模的业务。

有人猜测,中国国航最终可能会有一个更大的收获 —— 海南航空公司。人们一直认为海南航空公司将会是海航集团名下仅存的企业,但是最近越来越多的传言是,海航集团可能不得不出售海南航空公司以偿还债务。

海南航空公司的债务和复杂性不会使中国国航轻易达成收购,并且有一种观点认为,如果这笔交易发生的话,对于中国国航来说可能是迫于压力而非自愿所为。经营多个品牌的潜质带来了一些问题:中国国航是否也应该经营一个低成本航空公司,尽管乘客常常认为海航集团的航空公司的服务质量高于其内地的竞争对手?

可以肯定的是,整合是必要的,其结果应该是航空公司考虑双品牌战略。如果航空公司可以持续稳健地控制市场,那么在之后的五年内,大兴国际机场航空公司的构成,会与该机场投入使用时入驻的航空公司大不相同。

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